Soil Type and Building Construction in Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State: Implications for Environmental Economics and Environmental Sustainability

Abstract

This study examines the influence of soil types on building construction in Khana Local Government Area (LGA) of Rivers State, Nigeria, and evaluates the implications for environmental economics and environmental sustainability. A mixed-methods survey design was adopted, involving laboratory analysis of soil samples focusing on grain size distribution, plasticity index, and shear strength and a questionnaire administered to 400 construction professionals, of which 320 responses were returned. Soil analysis revealed predominantly clay, sandy, and loamy soils, each posing distinct challenges for structural stability, foundation performance, and environmental impacts such as erosion, settlement, and biodiversity loss. Questionnaire findings indicate that soil-related construction failures increase environmental costs, reduce structural durability, and elevate long-term economic burdens. Sustainable practices such as soil-appropriate foundation designs, erosion control measures, rainwater harvesting, and the use of eco-friendly building materials were identified as effective mitigation strategies with economic and ecological benefits, including cost savings, reduced degradation, and improved public health. The study concludes that integrating soil science into construction planning is critical for sustainable development in Khana LGA and recommends strengthened building codes, enhanced professional training, sustainable material adoption, and GIS-based geotechnical mapping to improve construction outcomes and minimize environmental risks.