Improving Primary Nutrients (NPK) Use Efficiency for the Sustainable Production and Productivity of Cereal Crops: A Compressive Review

Abstract

Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) is the capacity of certain crops to use the available nutrients for growth, development, and productivity. Enhancing the efficiency of nutrient utilization by cereals is an admirable objective and a major problem for the fertilizer sector and agriculture as a whole. Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) is a critical concept in the evaluation of cereal production systems. Therefore, this study aimed to review methods for improving the efficiency of primary nutrient (NPK) use in cereals (Barley, Rice, Wheat, Maize, Sorghum, and Sugarcane)  for sustainable production and productivity. Soil, plant water, and fertilizer management can have important impacts on the nutrient-use efficiency of cereals. Nutrient utilization aims to maximize the overall performance of cropping systems by providing the crop with the most inexpensive sustenance possible, while reducing nutrient losses from the field. The NUE takes care of some, but not all, of that performance. Thus, in addition to NUE, total productivity must is one of the aims of system enhancement. The question being posed and, frequently, the spatial or temporal scale of interest for which trustworthy data are available, dictate the most appropriate approach to NUE. For N, P, and K, the partial nutrient balance (the ratio of nutrients removed by crop harvest to fertilizer. Although opinions differ, agronomic nutrient use efficiency is the foundation for both economic and environmental efficiency. Economic and environmental efficiencies arise from increased agricultural efficiency. Therefore, different researchers have investigated ways to improve the nutrient use efficiency of cereals by using mechanisms including optimizing nutrient usage, nano-fertilizer usage, breeding for nutrient use efficiency, and precision farming.