Cotton Stalk and Tea Residue Biochar as Organic Amendments to Boost Maize Performance

Abstract

Soil degradation and declining crop productivity are major challenges in modern agriculture, especially in areas with intensive farming and limited access to synthetic fertilizers. The use of organic waste materials as soil amendments offers a promising strategy to enhance soil fertility, improve crop yield, and promote sustainable agricultural practices. This study aimed to investigate the potential of biochar derived from agricultural residues, specifically tea residue and cotton stalks, as organic amendments to improve soil health and maize (Zea mays L.) performance. A field experiment was conducted using four treatments: TEB1 (tea residue biochar), TEB2 (cotton stalk biochar), TCC (positive control), and TCN (negative control). Plant growth parameters including plant height, number of leaves, root development, number of ears per plant, grain count per ear, kernel rows, and ear weight were measured. In addition, soil properties such as pH, moisture content, water-holding capacity, ash content, and macro-nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) were assessed. The results demonstrated that TEB2 significantly enhanced plant growth and yield, achieving the highest plant height (200 cm), grain count (400 per ear), and ear weight (0.85 kg) compared to the control (plant height: 154 cm; yield increase: 13.5%). Biochar treatments also improved soil pH from 11.5 to 7, increased nutrient availability, and enhanced moisture retention. Both biochars, especially cotton stalk biochar, promoted better root development and soil aeration. This study underscores the value of utilizing agricultural waste-derived biochar to improve maize productivity and soil quality, highlighting its potential for sustainable crop production and resource-efficient farming systems. Further research should explore the long-term effects of biochar amendments across varying soil types and climatic conditions.